Comorbidities of COPD: Mechanisms and Treatment. Update 2023

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is chronic that affects mostly the lungs but there growing evidence it also a systemic condition associated with number of accompanying diseases known as comorbidities. inflammation and oxidative stress are highlight pathogenic processes interrelate COPD comorbidities additional specific risk factors mechanisms. Through complex interactions increases for certain they in turn have negative impact on health status contribute to mortality patients. Treatment terms coexistence may require more personalized therapeutic approach. Here we review mechanisms which define disease; most common COPD: cardiovascular disease, diabetes metabolic syndrome, cachexia, osteoporosis, depression/anxiety sleep apnea; pathways connect these latest treatment approaches.